Even as the world’s powers grasped for a last-minute resolution to the crisis in Syria, it remained an open question whether any amount of diplomacy could prevent the conflict from claiming at least one more victim: the classic Christian teaching known as the “just war” tradition.
The central problem is not that the just war doctrine is being dismissed or condemned but that it is loved too much. Indeed, both sides in the debate over punishing the Syrian regime for using chemical weapons are citing just war theory but are reaching diametrically opposed conclusions.
Nicholas Hahn III, a Catholic writer, declared Tuesday in the conservative journal First Things that “a classical reading of the just war tradition renders robust intervention in Syria a morally desirable act of charity.”
At the same time, the Catholic editor of that same magazine, R.R. Reno, has been writing forcefully against intervention and even labeled the administration’s arguments for military strikes “morally sloppy.”
A similar contrast could be found at the liberal National Catholic Reporter (NCR), which published an editorial blasting “the bankruptcy of the military strike idea.”
That, in turn, drew a sharp rejoinder from one of its own columnists, Michael Sean Winters, who said NCR’s position was based on “myths” that have muddled clear moral thinking on the Catholic left. “When Congress votes … on the authorization of force, if they do not support President Obama they are, de facto, supporting [Syrian] President Assad,” wrote Winters, calling Assad an “evil man.”
And so it has gone for weeks now, with the divides seeming to grow wider by the day. The splits are most obvious within the Catholic Church, which over the centuries developed the most clearly articulated just war doctrine. But Protestants of varying hues are also citing just war principles and reaching starkly different conclusions.
“The friends of the just war idea are sometimes worse than its foes,” says James Turner Johnson, a professor of religious ethics at Rutgers University and a leading expert on just war theory.
‘Violence in a Limited Way’
The just war doctrine was first articulated by St. Augustine in the fifth century to provide a moral rationale that, as Duke University theologian Stanley Hauerwas puts it, “enables Christians to use violence in a limited way to secure tolerable order.”
Eight centuries later, the systematic theologian St. Thomas Aquinas elaborated the basic principles of the theory that continues to be invoked by both religious and secular moralists. The just war doctrine was also embraced by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther and used by the 20th-century theologian Reinhold Niebuhr as a framework for his notion of “Christian realism”—a tradition President Obama often relies on.
Today different sources will render the just war formula in slightly different ways, but the basic conditions of the doctrine remain the same:
- To justify military action there must be a “just cause,” such as self-defense or protecting innocent life, and a “just authority”—a legitimate, sovereign entity—to wage the war.
- The warring power must also have a “right intention”—doing the right thing for the right reason, rather than for revenge or personal gain.
- The decision to go to war must be a last resort, and there must be a “probability of success” in achieving a clearly articulated outcome.
- There must be a commitment to “proportionality” in conducting the war—inflicting the least amount of harm necessary to secure peace and avoiding violence against noncombatants, or what we today call “collateral damage.”
Given the number of conditions and the complexity of the Syrian civil war, it is not surprising that commentators can reach different conclusions or will grind their teeth in frustration over the high bar of meeting all the just war conditions while arguing that doing nothing is not a good moral option.
Yet there are several other factors that are complicating the usual moral calculus and threatening to undermine just war theory itself.
Complicating Factors
One is that some leading Christian voices have increasingly moved toward a de facto pacifism that stands against war under any circumstance. “In contrast to pacifism, it is often assumed that just war reflection is ‘realistic,’” Hauerwas, a leading exponent of this view, wrote this month.
“It is by no means clear, however, if advocates of just war have provided an adequate account of what kind of conditions are necessary for just war to be a realistic alternative for the military policy of a nation,” he said.
The Catholic hierarchy in recent years has also seemed to migrate in the pacifist direction, an evolution highlighted by Pope Francis’ high-profile campaign against any military action in Syria.
“The sweeping language of such criticism by the pontiff moves the Roman Catholic Church dramatically further in what now seems to be an accelerating arc in its opposition to warfare,” Catholic University’s Stephen Schneck wrote in The Washington Post.
The problem with that shift is twofold. First, it supplants traditional just war doctrine with the relatively new concept of “just peacemaking,” which is not as clearly articulated nor as readily applicable to real-world circumstances.
Second, many anti-war Christians have also embraced the emerging principle of the “Responsibility to Protect,” or R2P, which cites an imperative to intervene to protect innocents in harm’s way. But even that can put moralists in a bind because it demands that something be done to thwart violence even if all the classic just war conditions are not met.
Critics say conservatives have also contributed to the confusion by overemphasizing the notion of “pre-emption” as a form of self-defense—the principle that was used to justify the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, an action that proved to have violated most every other just war condition.
In addition, some neocons and theocons who cited just war theory in supporting President George W. Bush’s push to invade Iraq are now invoking just war theory to oppose President Obama’s plans for more limited actions against Syria—an apparent contradiction that does just war theory no favors.
The upshot is that there is now a “chaotic just war discourse,” as Johnson puts it, that leaves even its champions wondering “whether the success of just war reasoning hasn’t in fact been very problematic for it.”
Yet Johnson also sees no real alternative. Just war is now an integral part of Western culture and can provide the best framework for working through the thorniest moral dilemmas.
“For me, the question is how you use these ideas once you pull them out and deploy them,” he says. “I just think there’s a tremendous amount of confusion in the current debate.”
David Gibson is an award-winning religion journalist, author and filmmaker. He is a national reporter for Religion News Service and has written two books on Catholic topics, the latest a biography of Pope Benedict XVI.
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